Lightning Network

Källa: LBankTid: 2024-09-17 01:01:29

Picture a bustling metropolis where households constantly transfer funds for daily necessities; if each transaction necessitated a trip to the bank for confirmation, chaos would ensue. The blockchain realm, particularly the Bitcoin network, grapples with similar quandaries as user growth strains its capacity, leading to sluggish transactions and escalating fees. Enter the "Lightning Network," an ingenious solution that parallels the development of a swift underground pipeline system in the city, allowing for instant small-scale transactions without clogging the main thoroughfare—the Bitcoin blockchain.

What is the Lightning Network?

True to its name, the Lightning Network aims for lightning-fast transactions. It's a second-layer payment protocol overlaid on cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin. Instead of processing every single transaction directly on the main chain, it facilitates near-instantaneous and low-cost transactions through the creation of a "micro-payment channel" jointly managed by two parties.

Why Do We Need the Lightning Network?

Envision borrowing a few dollars from your neighbor for coffee daily. Traditional bank transfers for each instance would be time-consuming and costly. The Lightning Network was conceived to address this. It enables you and your neighbor to open a "channel," a private conduit preloaded with a set amount of Bitcoins. Thereafter,不论是 lending or repaying in small amounts occurs within this channel, bypassing the need for blockchain-wide notifications, ensuring blazing speed and negligible costs.

How the Lightning Network Works

1. Channel Establishment: Both parties initiate a transaction on the blockchain, allocating a fixed amount of cryptocurrency into the channel, which is recorded on the blockchain.


2. Instant Transactions: Once the channel is active, seamless transactions occur within this private conduit, unhindered by blockchain confirmation times or additional fees. Each transfer merely requires updating individual balance sheets, sans blockchain confirmation wait.


3. Channel Closure: Upon concluding transactions, both parties consent to close the channel, submitting the final balance sheet to the blockchain for settlement, ensuring secure fund transfers.

Advantages of the Lightning Network

- Speed: Transactions are virtually immediate as they occur within the channel, eliminating the wait for multiple block confirmations.


- Cost: Fees for minor transactions plummet, often to zero, since most transactions bypass the blockchain.


- Scalability: The Lightning Network theoretically supports unlimited transactions by shifting the burden from the main chain to the secondary network.

Illustrative Example

If you're a regular at a café, you and the proprietor can establish a Lightning Network channel, pre-funding it with Bitcoin. Your daily coffee purchase then deducts instantly from this channel, sidestepping blockchain transaction fees and delays. Only when closing the channel does the net balance change get recorded on the Bitcoin blockchain.

Conclusion

The Lightning Network stands as a monumental innovation in blockchain technology, tackling Bitcoin's congestion and high transaction costs while paving the way for broader cryptocurrency adoption. Through its ingeniously designed framework, we edge closer to a future of rapid, convenient, and affordable digital currency transactions. As technology matures, expect the Lightning Network to underpin everything from micropayments to online shopping and cross-border remittances, acting as an invisible bridge to seamless financial interactions.

 

SpotFutures
USDTUSDCLTsBTCETHSTABLECOINS
ParPrisFörändra
96413.15
-0.78%
2776.90
3.33%
670.9
-1.35%
181.19
-4.15%
0.00299
-0.99%
0.9998
-0.01%
2.6858
-2.65%
3.788
-0.18%
3.2670
-1.04%
0.5009
4.73%
4.932
0.47%
17.34
-8.25%
1.2939
-1.52%
0.001731
13.36%
0.001161
-14.63%
0.000001544
-4.22%
0.01038
-9.66%
0.04987
232.47%
0.00793
3.66%
0.0820
-35.79%
0.4635
32.66%
0.3893
-1.24%
0.02946
-10.40%
0.4056
-1.43%
0.001048
-54.04%
0.0006481
-31.78%
1.8044
-5.57%
0.08932
-5.82%
0.0097
-48.68%
0.01562
-16.60%
0.01296
-13.83%
0.42556
-15.37%
0.02921
-21.29%
0.0005811
-30.82%
0.002195
2.86%
0.007194
-27.68%
0.02838
-3.54%
0.3169
5.14%
0.053300
-1.13%
0.000307
1.99%
0.008751
-13.26%
0.0003253
4.94%
0.008107
-3.88%
0.001069
-37.23%
0.710
-4.05%
0.00138
-22.47%
0.01869
-12.87%
11.2515
-14.03%
58.0715
-14.32%
0.001677
28.02%
0.01548
-17.66%
0.00963
19.63%
0.001508
-23.99%
0.02410
-35.87%
0.0006450
-18.35%
6.831
2.40%
0.000089
20.27%
1.890
13.51%
0.000204
0.49%
0.09226
-5.80%
0.0000807
7.89%
6.0335
7.18%
0.01412
38.70%
0.001184
40.12%
1244.5762
0.42%
0.20917
-0.34%
158.22512
-6.72%
14385042.1776700
-1.40%
54052.00151
4.22%
43.17612
4.48%
3042.0000
0.00%
13294.69502
-1.45%
0.002571
-1.76%
1786.51549
2.09%
6486.77828
-12.13%
0.26005
0.00%
3.46311
0.97%
26.8424
2.84%
0.0000006281
4.01%
0.0183
-78.03%
0.01986
8.58%
0.00000000053
-19.70%
0.09599
-2.11%
0.000009
-30.77%
2.05821
1.63%
4.16
-16.80%
0.8948
-3.37%
0.5438
-8.13%
18.1105
-2.14%
0.04422
-3.49%
8.1866
-0.54%
0.03242
-7.61%
0.502042
0.31%
0.232471
0.00%
1.0844
0.06%
0.202096
-0.63%
0.00003915
-1.90%
15.0624
-0.38%
0.000040294
6.41%
1.3585
7.70%
0.03562
1.48%
11.9325
-2.58%
2.320735
4.42%
1.8697
-4.44%
0.00580
4.50%
0.0031122
-0.24%
0.9416
-1.42%
114.0976
-1.17%
0.2369
0.42%
0.0014835
1.37%
0.004470
-21.58%
0.1222
10.19%
0.8563
-1.96%
0.00011364
21.25%
0.4702
1.62%
0.44000
727.07%
1.4003
16.45%
2.675
-6.96%
0.0010695
3.59%
0.134400
0.00%
0.045414
26.32%
0.3169
-1.31%
1.4879
1.07%
0.003342
2.67%
0.1320
-4.00%
0.16570
5.03%
0.0004091
-6.53%
0.09309
-0.82%
1.1400
0.00%
0.46713
2.00%
1.0414
-0.43%
0.01509
7.79%
0.00058722
-6.28%
0.007112
-8.17%
0.007563
6.39%
93.1164
0.68%
2.1131
0.39%
0.00377463
-0.78%
0.009275
0.39%
0.7038
-1.66%
0.0006212
-1.11%
0.00731
-18.69%
1.1641
-0.15%
230.47
-4.37%
0.158755
-3.40%
127.9519
1.05%
0.05970
-1.66%
11.1109
11.88%
0.001714
-2.17%
0.0351
7.01%
0.00816
-1.21%
0.0005430
8.43%
0.3406
4.54%
0.004642
-2.17%
66.3396
-8.16%
0.8411
-0.13%
0.0001222
-19.87%
0.01001
-1.48%
0.27137
-0.27%
0.00005425
-1.15%
0.1986
-0.30%
0.010504
4.89%
0.0119
0.00%
0.0377
-2.58%
1.13
-11.72%
0.1535
-8.25%
2.7395
1.10%
0.79574
-5.10%
0.18911
-5.45%
0.005079
0.93%
1.5951
-0.85%
0.0004387
23.68%
0.00465
6.41%
0.03795
-0.81%
0.03720
9.09%
0.0000000000084
-1.18%
30.4097
-0.49%
0.010995
-8.74%
0.027859
2.97%
7.8016
0.21%
0.1469
-1.08%
0.2404
-1.19%
16.22
-32.42%
0.8178
5.02%
12.4646
-0.88%
0.000433
2.85%
3.8410
-0.16%
0.0002559
-10.27%
0.5016
-1.03%
0.0010737
-17.59%
0.00093565
0.77%
0.4169
18.14%
0.000000000015
87.50%
0.26128
-2.31%
0.00001001
-0.69%
0.000000410
1.74%
1003.22794
17.12%
0.001556
-3.47%
0.648
-1.97%
0.00002553
-2.67%
246.2900
-0.02%
0.237
3.49%
0.00001033
5.73%
17.2414
-82.77%
0.56371
-8.63%
0.111008
0.02%
0.02311
-4.50%
0.002613
9.24%
0.08602
-3.83%
0.0004027
0.27%
0.479
1.05%
0.03280
-5.26%
18.50
-40.42%
2.2389
8.01%
0.054997
61.71%
0.08705
-14.07%
0.00000000000010
-83.87%
0.0007100
57.85%
0.000954
0.63%
0.000930
-6.06%
0.001560
0.00%
0.00004383
-0.02%
0.000926
-0.22%
0.000001373
5.78%
0.00346
-9.19%
0.026789
2.35%
124.07
-2.01%
0.0766
-9.46%
0.00001593
-0.75%
0.1313
0.38%
0.9999
0.00%
0.2522
2.94%
0.0253
2.43%
0.4077
-0.56%
0.000010211
-8.81%
0.0024970
0.99%
0.00013716
6.04%
0.00417
-5.44%
0.002386
-7.30%
0.0024780
2.10%
0.9200
162.86%
0.00961
-4.85%
88.993
12.78%
0.00005385
4.06%
1.2517
-3.07%
0.3203
-1.87%
0.00476
-7.39%
0.1817
-6.77%
8.9006
0.01%
0.04029
-1.01%
3.4561
-0.85%
0.001086
-14.82%
0.21578
-2.78%
0.02489
-0.96%
0.5244
-0.47%
0.04304
-7.24%
0.1613
0.25%
0.015242
-26.15%
0.1018
0.10%
0.004005
-0.79%
0.00390000
-0.51%
0.0023027
0.18%
0.10292
14.57%
0.2333
1.79%
0.09250
-0.11%
0.128000
-1.69%
0.0614
-3.91%
463.0000
-12.53%
269.26
4.69%
0.6167
16.40%
0.00000510
-21.54%
0.000000001670
-1.53%
6.0359
-0.56%
3.320
-3.63%
0.000178
-1.11%
0.00638
0.31%
0.003731
2.19%
0.01842
-0.43%
0.7710
8.24%
0.024534
-0.01%
0.00560
-47.47%
0.0007868
12.75%
0.00025301
3.04%
0.000004017
0.20%
0.00001697
-3.19%
0.003688
1.15%
0.001521
2.36%
0.01796
-0.11%
0.00520
-7.80%
0.013992
-1.31%
0.1436
3.16%
0.00000648
1.41%
0.360936
0.63%
0.002461
-6.74%
0.013509
-0.67%
0.004347
-21.11%
0.002778
-0.07%
0.00003972
0.00%
0.073334
4.44%
0.000003261
-10.61%
0.016000
-40.74%
0.5052
12.84%
19.45
2.53%
0.011559
0.33%
0.02387
0.00%
0.0152
21.60%
367.0
1.41%
1.09242
-0.74%
0.10546
-3.47%
0.90000
-2.17%
0.002109
-0.28%
0.1041
-1.79%
0.0023743
-1.09%
0.37237
-14.25%
0.02759
18.87%
0.000009967
0.47%
38.0102
27.16%
0.03741
0.81%
0.00009773
3.25%
4.5668
-2.87%
0.003010
0.37%
0.6972
0.46%
0.000700
-15.66%
0.009014
-30.05%
0.02232
-3.38%
0.004311
-7.61%
0.00004136
1.37%
0.000000001665
-16.04%
0.002871
1.95%
0.01116
-8.07%
0.00000019757
-2.23%
5.6023
-3.66%
0.01086
-7.42%
0.003378
1.08%
0.00170
-2.30%
0.0813
0.37%
0.0001298
-3.64%
0.018643
8.42%
0.3856
-0.28%
0.3640
-9.05%
261.500
-1.06%
0.0000193
0.52%
0.769
-6.45%
0.8247
-6.10%
0.1090
0.00%
0.00050
0.00%
0.8858
-5.54%
25.44
1.52%
0.000975
-4.04%
0.9138
-0.36%
0.007534
-2.13%
0.0005524
0.11%
0.000002504
14.29%
1.449
-1.96%
3.151
4.13%
0.12360
-5.01%
13.2937
-0.23%
0.01604
-2.31%
0.00017919
0.35%
0.04892
0.20%
0.00291
-0.68%
0.4661
3.51%
0.19968
-0.94%
0.01658
-0.18%
10.1979
-0.20%
0.000000000619
-1.59%
0.008835
-8.58%
0.034928
-0.85%
6.4019
-0.07%
0.0073
-2.67%
0.3237
-1.04%
0.00296
6.09%
0.0000635
-10.31%
0.000640
-0.16%
0.1451
0.00%
0.0002227
-35.82%
0.021800
-1.41%
0.006938
1.54%
0.000684
-8.56%
0.00006208
0.40%
0.00000086
-2.27%
0.020276
0.76%
9.33
0.65%
1.0156
-0.05%
2.6121
5.28%
0.04419
0.57%
0.6926
-7.85%
1.8621
0.82%
27.83
5.74%
0.00204
0.49%
0.00003245
-0.09%
0.6928
-2.86%
0.000319
-4.20%
0.06250
0.48%
0.002249
-0.31%
0.002289
-2.60%
7.2834
-1.48%
97.4
2.42%
0.00001135
-10.49%
0.12520
-0.02%
0.11052
-5.54%
0.0002362
10.22%
0.07880
6.93%
0.00065
-22.62%
34.2177
0.47%
0.000900
-8.72%
0.6187
-1.50%
0.0000000069
0.00%
0.000423
-6.62%
92.1208
0.17%
0.923
3.13%
1.1058
-1.90%
4.9099
-1.88%
0.00011739
-9.48%
0.0129
-5.84%
0.19561
-22.97%
4.452
-1.31%
0.012249
-7.95%
0.4734
-0.36%
0.4249
3.63%
3.0001
0.00%
1.350
-1.32%
0.0975
-17.58%
0.051661
11.82%
0.00628
4.67%
0.00000184
-3.66%
0.34860
-26.57%
0.00123
-15.17%
0.013046
-0.79%
0.0000263
-9.31%
2.1111
-0.45%
0.001120
0.90%
0.3378
-2.09%
6.05
3.60%
0.00007634
0.05%
0.000120
8.11%
0.00074
-2.63%
0.002399
-0.04%
1.02721
5.55%
3.460
1.26%
0.3995
-1.02%
0.042790
47.55%
0.02094
-27.14%
0.04659
-14.36%
1.1735
-7.54%
12.34
1.31%
1.5988
-0.06%
0.04939
-12.01%
0.0090
-5.26%
0.004043
-10.28%
0.00005958
-14.42%
0.007627
3.05%
0.00007891
40.09%
0.00140
-6.67%
0.00001679
-3.84%
0.0014
0.00%
0.1944
-0.97%
0.00009155
-38.32%
0.02273
0.66%
0.00000000004597
1.01%
0.00000002469
-14.63%
15.258
13.74%
0.0556
-18.59%
2913
0.55%
0.4447
0.95%
0.06630
-2.64%
0.000170
0.59%
1.208
7.95%
1.892
4.24%
0.5369
-0.11%
0.018501
-13.55%
0.001010
1.81%
1.0003
0.04%
7.94
2.19%
0.001222
41.76%
0.01642
-0.30%
1.8624
13.60%
0.4430
0.93%
0.0108147
1.59%
0.03683
-0.81%
0.0000841
-4.00%
0.02409
-24.39%
0.1620
-11.23%
0.00683
-0.73%
0.001283
-25.84%
0.0174
26.09%
0.3838
5.88%
0.008163
-9.54%
0.2841
1.86%
0.8538
-2.98%
0.00091
-7.14%
0.1171
-1.51%
0.3278
1.42%
0.01997
-20.56%
0.2590
-3.11%
0.2979
1.09%
0.11635
0.58%
0.0229
-2.55%
0.000993
-6.14%
0.2724
-9.98%
0.000000002200
0.00%
0.003601
-1.23%
0.4145
0.75%
0.02830
-11.34%
0.0006872
-14.21%
0.5265
2.95%
0.1485
-2.17%
0.004990
-7.08%
0.408
2.51%
0.0002024
-6.94%
0.0000303
6.69%
0.000507
0.00%
0.00000006850
-2.00%
0.2743
-1.26%
0.00930
-13.89%
0.4998
-0.04%
2.5969
1.04%
0.0217
11.28%
0.005216
0.93%
0.2576
-0.92%
0.03325
-0.21%
2.8612
-3.31%
0.001136
-9.55%
0.005749
-0.96%
0.00000440
-0.90%
0.1056
3.23%
0.00190
4.40%
0.00006171
6.18%
0.0766
0.00%
0.0586
1.21%
0.001030
-1.25%
0.2332
-0.51%
0.0000418
-14.17%
0.2037
-6.56%
0.01046
4.60%
0.01213
-10.08%
0.02244
1.95%
0.00509
-0.20%
0.02016
-10.60%
0.6554
40.64%
4.4005
0.00%
0.771
-1.53%
0.00152
1.33%
2969.58
1.97%
0.2324
1.40%
0.05321
-7.99%
0.006448
-21.88%
0.006902
27.60%
0.00000004887
3.30%
0.001518
10.16%
0.2658
0.04%
3.342
4.24%
0.002209
-25.30%
1.9481
0.48%
0.01097
-9.04%
0.6978
9.03%
0.00760
-12.64%
0.00632
-1.25%
0.001772
-14.27%
10.056
3.96%
3.510
-2.42%
7.154
1.94%
0.02020
-0.20%
1.170
6.65%
0.03864
-22.16%
0.725
0.83%
0.005205
-9.02%
0.0005943
58.14%
0.02511
-23.45%
0.0606
1.68%
0.009191
-0.23%
0.00078
-2.50%
4.904
2.29%
12.73
7.61%
2.1809
2.79%
0.001957
-2.10%
0.8022
2.41%
0.000208
4.00%
0.004344
-11.78%
0.001899
-25.68%
0.001687
-1.46%
0.09800
12.64%
0.6976
-0.53%
0.2114
-0.56%
1.226
0.16%
0.007218
-1.53%
0.05864
-4.14%
0.3192
4.35%
0.0176
-2.76%
0.0000000053
1.92%
0.1725
-2.38%
15.28
0.13%
0.03489
-20.60%
25.76
-2.42%
0.007674
12.03%
0.07748
6.93%
0.000413
-1.90%
0.06384
-7.37%
0.000911
-13.57%
0.0005673
-4.82%
4.769
-4.49%
0.0140
0.72%
0.1872
-1.00%
0.0000000000001
0.00%
30.7451
-8.07%
0.0000001760
-2.22%
0.02045
1.94%
0.14751
-5.27%
0.00000083
-38.06%
0.000000042981
2.99%
0.006684
-11.06%
0.002563
-11.01%
0.00733
-12.11%
0.0400
0.00%
0.819
2.12%
0.000696
1.46%
0.04350
-13.17%
0.00629
-3.08%
0.000900
-31.97%
0.006158
-1.00%
0.0005289
1.71%
0.003220
-10.28%
0.003268
18.11%
0.008485
1.69%
0.022493
19.38%
21.38
4.04%
0.000520
-0.19%
0.002021
-3.02%
1.6033
-2.79%
0.003081
0.49%
0.1047
0.29%
0.007424
3.40%
0.00001808
-1.53%
0.000801
21.18%
0.0000000390
5.41%
0.021240
-7.90%
0.0009267
-1.91%
0.0718
2.13%
0.0073
1.39%
0.020846
-14.04%
0.00924
-16.83%
2.193468
-2.20%
0.00003474
9.14%
0.0072257
0.44%
0.03214
-5.39%
0.01741
-7.10%
0.0082
64.00%
0.000179
-0.56%
0.0012
0.00%
0.003646
0.19%
0.4275
-1.47%
0.000576
0.70%
0.000391
0.00%
0.000620
-20.61%
1.1573
-0.60%
0.489
-2.59%
0.01353
1.27%
1.293
13.12%
0.2738
-0.51%
10.58
-0.94%
2.0160
0.70%
0.0120
17.65%
0.2450
3.38%
0.1349
-1.24%
0.004136
-7.82%
0.015348
20.66%
0.001682
-25.31%
0.01111
-17.46%
0.1113
2.20%
0.0000782
-2.49%
0.02499
-13.47%
0.01704
-0.29%
0.00510
4.29%
1052
5.52%
1.349
0.15%
0.00007767
2.01%
0.0329
26.05%
0.000000859
4.50%
0.6423
1.94%
0.8677
4.30%
19.77
-2.18%
0.00604
9.22%
0.2310
0.52%
0.002682
0.68%
0.6891
0.28%
5.5804
-7.79%
327.2
-0.52%
0.04972
-26.66%
0.020917
16.61%
0.001616
-6.64%
0.1003
-4.11%
0.1422
0.71%
0.0002850
-1.89%
0.2117
1.44%
0.02006
-0.10%
0.01364
2.02%
0.74131
10.14%
0.3347
1.21%
0.0000000002374
1.76%
0.0006266
-14.86%
0.03719
-1.98%
0.0005834
-1.72%
0.04900
-27.41%
0.00000000012522
3.71%
0.1781
0.45%
0.5664
4.14%
0.0003382
-13.06%
0.001650
-3.85%
0.00486078
-3.39%
0.18283
-0.67%
1.0342
2.18%
0.4031
2.52%
0.007329
1.48%
0.3586
1.79%
0.002085
-16.23%
0.0007984
-8.96%
1.807
1.63%
0.00000004009
17.15%
0.01670
2.33%
0.00038979
0.30%
0.004682
-11.17%
0.04750
-10.92%
0.00001735
-4.14%
0.0000000440
3.77%
0.065954
-1.14%
0.004295
-8.07%
36.86
0.79%
0.1195
-0.33%
0.2176
-6.04%
0.000290000
22.85%
0.0000857
-5.51%
0.0936
-0.21%
0.0389
-8.47%
0.0177
5.36%
0.000000670
0.45%
0.001109
21.33%
0.00870
0.81%
0.0000001312
6.41%
0.02906
-18.55%
0.00758
0.53%
0.00022
4.76%
0.0003414
-1.07%
0.005533
-4.62%
0.002859
-12.00%
0.006511
-12.11%
2.997
3.31%
0.001641
-11.01%
0.0118
29.67%
0.1275
-5.27%
181.92
-0.18%
0.013190
88.13%
0.0293
-3.30%
0.01070
0.75%
56.30
1.22%
0.1310
0.08%
0.000050
-34.21%
0.0000743
-4.13%
0.0005979
-13.47%
0.03035
-5.10%
0.3716
-5.85%
0.004276
-14.22%
0.0025
-7.41%
0.00930
-4.22%
0.000708
10.28%
0.0000082
1.23%
2.230
1.23%
0.3898
0.00%
0.04069
-0.37%
7.926
-2.00%
0.4325
0.68%
0.01373
4.89%
0.009266
-1.22%
0.1307
1.63%
0.00003098
-6.99%
22.84
1.38%
0.00001155
-5.64%
0.004175
-0.24%
0.002956
-2.22%
4.526
3.48%
0.8323
-0.18%
0.00000000000001
-75.00%
0.1230
-2.46%
0.000000000027
-3.57%
0.001079
-10.16%
0.3100
-1.49%
0.05554
-2.68%
2.354
-3.41%
0.3975
1.09%
0.0059
1.72%
0.01666
-0.66%
0.04300
-1.08%
0.001368
1.18%
1.416
-0.84%
0.0001500
-3.66%
0.002374
-3.69%
0.000324
-0.61%
0.0000003590
5.06%
0.0000001395
-7.74%
0.005674
-18.24%
0.01412
-14.06%
0.08915
1.38%
0.00000000000001
-75.00%
4.7504
-13.63%
0.00750
-18.48%
0.00214
4.39%
0.01650
-8.13%
0.2368
-3.66%
0.02483
-2.05%
5.1401
-7.72%
0.0058
-9.38%
0.11134
5.36%
0.0018
260.00%
0.002526
-17.34%
0.052525
6.39%
18.166
4.46%
0.006721
8.23%
0.003842
-15.00%
0.1562
7.80%
0.000000146
-20.22%
0.0049645
3.41%
0.01859
-6.86%
0.003477
-6.71%
0.005588
-2.53%
0.0003633
-11.80%
4.004
0.48%
0.0000159
-3.05%
0.6713
0.09%
0.000971
-8.22%
0.0157
-28.31%
0.02082
-3.03%
0.001342
-11.88%
0.00008969
-9.28%
0.6656
0.17%
0.0000008978
-8.86%
0.0332
-5.41%
0.000737
-15.38%
0.0318
-1.24%
0.17800
-1.11%
0.00584
-16.09%
0.00152
-1.30%
0.04162
1.61%
0.02830
-3.84%
0.00002643
-0.23%
0.9500
-4.83%
0.1253
2.37%
0.1014
-0.88%
1.315
2.65%
0.0000000000000225
2.74%
14.14
-5.35%
0.1029
8.32%
0.000001719
-13.18%
0.005143
0.16%
0.00032488
-6.83%
0.000000000001
-80.00%
0.01906
4.67%
0.0206
0.49%
0.0963
-3.12%
0.000101
-0.98%
0.0132
0.00%
0.000694
0.58%
0.003511
6.39%
1.0999
45.59%
0.1439
-0.07%
0.00852
-4.48%
0.958
-4.68%
0.000980
6.75%
0.003527
-9.52%
0.0715
-0.83%
1.817
-3.30%
0.00991
-0.60%
0.0893
8.64%
0.002676
1.17%
0.00008567
5.47%
0.5568
1.20%
1.494
-4.90%
0.0192
-7.25%
2.080
6.12%
0.0153
-13.07%
20.21
-0.69%
0.521
0.39%
0.0053382
-5.43%
0.009674
-22.45%
1.018
4.62%
0.1133
-48.15%
0.001522
95.63%
0.000700
-1.69%
0.0483
-1.43%
23.136
-0.22%
2.776
-9.31%
0.000001870
-6.45%
0.690
-1.71%
0.000028
-9.68%
0.010506
-4.67%
0.00000337
-16.79%
0.0104
0.97%
2893.20
-0.99%
0.002483
-12.42%
0.4870
0.87%
0.0849
-11.84%
0.000000000002409
2.25%
0.7912
-0.05%
0.1007
-6.15%
0.0002619
-2.60%
0.000819
-3.99%
0.01492
1.15%
0.00300
-32.28%
0.002100
0.00%
0.1584
-12.87%
0.1488
7.83%
0.00438
-3.10%
20.17
-2.42%
0.891
-0.56%
0.03598
-8.14%
0.0939
-5.82%
0.006058
-11.79%
0.3960
-0.30%
0.900
0.22%
0.1260
0.00%
0.1993
43.90%
0.01371
14.44%
0.0001728
-34.27%
0.0000001248
1.38%
0.000140
3.70%
0.001599
-27.71%
0.01301
1.88%
0.01110
-17.72%
11.03
0.91%
0.002196
31.42%
0.00000000000133
1.53%
0.0003496
-7.64%
0.00785
-8.72%
0.001568
3.91%
0.0000000280
3.70%
0.001220
-2.48%
14.23
5.25%
0.0079
0.00%
0.00000000002096
-7.30%
0.0015770
110.27%
0.00000000000047
-14.55%
0.1319
0.76%
0.19497
-6.82%
0.1803
-5.90%
0.0401
0.50%
0.4550
3.48%
0.0407
2.01%
0.0006134
-1.54%
0.2549
-0.70%
0.0321
4.56%
0.00000001336
0.00%
0.005138
-16.39%
0.007500
15.56%
0.01467
-1.81%
0.959
-0.21%
0.00000006143
-12.60%
1.7137
2.59%
0.02684
-0.78%
0.3749
-8.07%
0.00874
-5.10%
0.000000002207
6.41%
0.04772
-14.08%
0.0004406
-4.43%
0.01423
-2.20%
0.14121
-0.43%
0.0003745
-4.95%
0.08990
0.78%
0.0000982
-22.06%
0.05749
8.31%
0.04839
-3.87%
0.08270
-0.77%
16.0000
-3.03%
0.4661
0.87%
0.002308
-15.12%
0.00000412
4.57%
1.2100
-28.82%
0.00048988
-1.98%
0.000794
-24.24%
0.001938
17.67%
0.00961
-6.24%
0.00317
1.93%
0.0004805
-15.11%
0.1591
-2.57%
0.003900
0.03%
0.00280
-20.00%
0.0110
12.24%
0.001620
0.31%
0.000000002692
2.28%
0.0000002610
-1.44%
0.000000003521
1.70%
0.1235
-1.59%
8.048
2.30%
0.0001794
-18.45%
0.0000000897
4.06%
0.2736
1.45%
0.000001957
-0.96%
0.0047
11.90%
0.003833
-13.02%
0.2418
1.17%
0.003620
2.67%
0.0310
4.03%
0.0014
27.27%
0.02337
1.96%
0.6616
0.05%
0.00000018
-5.26%
0.002800
80.65%
0.000810
-10.00%
0.000999
62.44%
0.000000000072
-26.53%
0.529
-5.03%
0.000098
19.51%
0.000038
-19.15%
0.003023
-24.48%
0.0000000004
-20.00%
0.6500
-7.14%
0.00579922
26.06%
0.00120
-50.00%
0.001805
-3.17%
0.00000417
-4.14%
0.000001830
-1.08%
0.000000000319
6.69%
23.91
4.78%
0.00000006
-14.29%
1.680
0.90%
0.3255
1.18%
0.0552
-3.66%
0.000000000838
11.88%
0.000727
-34.68%
0.000005
0.00%
0.009575
0.78%
0.015001
50.00%
0.0496
-2.94%
0.0000026
0.00%
0.0000029
3.57%
0.1092
-3.02%
0.00201
-14.83%
0.00011
0.00%
0.001357
-2.37%
0.0000175
92.31%
2.005
-0.69%
0.000042
-4.55%
0.1812
2.08%
0.0000000053000
-8.62%
0.004419
-0.16%
0.0414
-0.48%
0.0450
-1.96%
0.00016
14.29%
0.0364
1.96%
0.00000000000352
18.92%
0.00307
-51.65%
0.07309
1.46%
0.000000000000001
0.00%
0.02024
-2.69%
0.1823
-10.33%
0.1667
-4.14%
0.004855
-0.25%
0.00039
-20.41%
0.000134
3.08%
0.02346
-0.68%
0.1313
-1.43%
3.645
-1.35%
0.012525
-0.02%
0.0380
9.20%
0.1652
2.48%
0.00000000000975
2.52%
5.947
1.45%
8.49
-5.14%
0.000935
-3.31%
0.0001
0.00%
0.9500
-2.76%
51.055
-1.56%
0.0295
-1.67%
0.00879
-9.10%
0.000000000000001
0.00%
0.05869
-4.62%
0.1372
3.31%
0.0004976
-14.87%
0.000000000005
-16.67%
1.824
-0.44%
0.00163
5.16%
0.000302
-8.48%
0.0150
-11.24%
0.0000094
1.08%
0.000107
-14.40%
0.002004
-0.15%
0.000000000006923
-0.33%
0.000000000001131
4.63%
0.0000176
-2.76%
0.000032
3.23%
0.00000000009
0.00%
0.0809
-5.38%
0.00031
-8.82%
0.002869
-18.93%
0.003144
-14.36%
0.00011978
1.21%
0.00000000000062
0.00%
0.1032
-1.99%
0.2921
-1.85%
0.000303
-8.46%
0.000510
-15.00%
0.00001
0.00%
0.955
-1.24%
0.0015
-25.00%
0.0002300
3.32%
0.000134
0.75%
0.00008
0.00%
0.0000056
1.82%
0.00000000000450
-3.02%
0.0012001
0.01%
0.004655
0.11%
0.00009039
48.11%
0.0007840
44.65%
0.1490
0.54%
0.00040
0.00%
0.0805
3.60%
0.00049
-3.92%
0.1332
0.60%
11.70
0.78%
0.02118
2.42%
19.06
-1.19%
0.001263
-14.14%
0.000051
-43.96%
0.00183
0.55%
0.04070
1.37%
0.00000380
-40.81%
0.001528
2.07%
0.000000077
-1.28%
0.00001115
7.11%
0.0000142
0.00%
0.00000000004141
-7.21%
0.0227
27.53%
0.0712
-1.52%
0.000126
0.80%
0.1218
-1.14%
0.007917
49.91%
25.35
-2.27%
0.0000000000000227
-5.42%
0.000000001527
57.42%
0.1086
1.21%
0.0000264
1.54%
0.3929
-6.98%
0.00582
-4.12%
0.001503
-5.29%
0.0711
0.99%
0.000064
72.97%
0.2489
-2.81%
0.00000000002867
45.02%
0.00826
-8.32%
0.01533
-1.29%
0.00000000000213
5.45%
0.000000001229
0.00%
0.00000000000017
-5.56%
0.00000554
-3.65%
0.02689
37.69%
0.0031
24.00%
0.3276
-1.53%
0.0001291
-1.60%
0.0944
38.62%
0.003144
42.59%
0.00092
0.00%
0.0000306
-46.03%
0.000000000500
0.00%
0.000000000748
-0.80%
0.820
2.24%
0.00000058
5.45%
0.000001329
48.16%
0.006043
-5.53%
0.1354
-5.12%
115.95
0.83%
0.00000011
-15.38%
0.000000000974
-2.50%
0.8033
0.25%
0.00400
-0.25%
0.000006
0.00%
0.00002
-33.33%
0.000116
-7.20%
0.00000000060
-3.23%
0.000000000000001
0.00%
0.00098
-2.00%
0.3208
-0.03%
0.0900
-1.10%
0.0034
47.83%
1.233
-1.20%
0.000130
7.44%
0.1306
-1.66%
0.000045
0.00%
0.0001
0.00%
0.000000000000001
0.00%
0.000000002196
-48.92%
0.00192
-1.03%
0.00000000001680
0.00%
0.563
-1.40%
0.00000000000119
-0.83%
0.002369
-11.07%
0.0000786
0.00%
0.00000000060
-37.50%
0.00014
0.00%
0.00000029
0.00%
0.000097
-2.02%
0.01204
-17.31%
0.003400
3.00%
0.03800
0.00%
0.00002
-60.00%
0.0001705
-15.30%
0.2520
-0.83%
0.000441
0.00%
0.002699
0.00%
0.000415
0.00%
0.00125
-6.02%
0.00020
0.00%
0.0009
0.00%
0.0000000000260
12.07%
0.0279
3.72%
0.00000000015899
0.78%
0.03352
4.39%
0.00000000000836
-29.92%
0.0000996
0.00%
0.00040
53.85%
0.00005889
-19.33%
0.0000334
-0.30%
0.0000150
-1.96%
0.0000000195
0.00%
0.000000189
0.00%
0.000000077
-23.76%
0.00000013
0.00%
0.0013
44.44%
0.00000107
-0.93%
0.00002000
0.00%
0.001000
0.00%
0.0010
42.86%
0.000133
0.00%
0.000021
0.00%
0.000203
1.50%
0.000650
47.73%
0.00006000
37.24%
0.0666
2.78%
0.1475
1.79%
2.066
-3.82%
0.01950
0.00%
0.11379
-9.92%
0.6529
-24.62%
0.6453
0.67%
0.00034
3.03%
1.0567
1.51%
0.0003518
-1.92%
1.0655
4.12%
0.0005292
3.26%
5.963
0.24%
0.02462
-1.52%
0.1000
0.00%
0.08307
-1.02%
0.0001500
0.00%
0.0003369
0.00%
0.00242
-5.10%
0.0646
-1.67%
2.0001
0.00%
5.08
1.20%
0.610
0.00%
0.0977
-0.31%
2.000000
0.00%
0.3771
0.00%
0.5732
0.00%
0.0942
0.53%
4.098
-1.25%
0.0000700
0.00%
0.1959
-0.15%
10.79
-2.26%
0.0001
0.00%
0.0700
0.00%
0.000002630
0.00%
0.000220
0.00%
0.754
0.53%
2.5015
0.00%
3.9889
0.00%
0.0082
-1.20%
0.4424
0.00%
0.2588
-2.16%
0.9746
0.00%
0.2532
0.20%
0.0069
0.00%
1.934
0.00%
0.2525
-2.32%
0.0564
-1.74%
0.0000204
0.00%
0.000100
0.00%
0.0150
0.00%
0.00000012044
0.00%
0.1204
0.00%
2.543
-0.47%
0.000000000001
0.00%
0.00100
0.00%
0.00035
0.00%
0.00000000305772
-2.75%
0.000000036
0.00%
0.0010
0.00%
0.000001026
0.00%
0.00032
0.00%
0.026075
0.00%
0.0000161
0.00%
0.1197
0.00%
0.000023
0.00%
0.001794
0.00%
0.000369
0.00%
0.0063
0.00%
0.001813
0.00%
0.0060
0.00%
0.0000002593
0.00%
0.00003000
0.00%
0.00001584
0.00%
0.0000001013
0.00%
0.00006187
0.00%
0.000137
0.00%
0.000000000046
0.00%
0.001405
0.00%
0.2340
0.00%
0.000588
-2.49%
0.000902
0.00%
0.000000000773
-0.26%
0.0001
0.00%
0.0560
0.00%
0.00007588
0.00%
0.000533
0.19%
0.004025
0.00%
0.0124
0.00%
9.774
1.21%
0.00010000
0.00%
0.00000230
0.00%
0.0000000105
0.00%
0.5000
0.00%
0.001870
0.00%
0.0000000053
0.00%
0.0000000050
0.00%
0.00001700
0.00%
0.000000210
0.00%
0.000317
0.00%
0.1454
0.00%
0.000101
0.00%
0.0025000
0.00%
0.0014
0.00%
0.0104
0.00%
0.000405
0.00%
----
0.001290
0.00%
0.0000013421
0.47%
0.000757
0.00%
0.001389
0.00%
1.6799
0.00%
0.00000000002387
0.00%
0.00000000000010
0.00%
0.00422
0.00%
0.00001
0.00%
0.0011
0.00%
0.0000288
0.00%
0.00020
0.00%
0.002900
0.00%
0.7998
0.00%
0.00006767
0.00%
0.0133
0.00%
0.00089
0.00%
0.001099
0.00%
0.001348
0.00%
0.00167
0.00%
0.0281
0.00%
0.0001000
0.00%
0.05056
0.00%
0.00390
0.00%
0.00005
0.00%
0.001501
0.00%
0.000141
0.00%
0.03750
0.00%
0.000024
0.00%
0.000013
0.00%
0.001234
0.00%
0.000229
0.00%
0.00088
0.00%
0.000453
0.00%
0.0066
0.00%
0.0011
0.00%
0.0004
0.00%
0.0007
0.00%
0.0240
0.00%
0.000523
0.00%
0.0030
0.00%
0.029784
0.00%
0.4998
0.00%
0.0000111
0.00%
0.007888
0.00%
0.000363
0.00%
0.0256
0.00%
0.000716
0.00%
0.001200
0.00%
0.000333
0.00%
0.00008338
0.00%
0.001050
0.00%
1.2500
0.00%
0.000360
0.00%
0.000383
0.00%
0.03915
0.00%
0.0045
0.00%
0.0004
0.00%
0.0786
0.00%
0.001563
0.00%
0.000001
0.00%
0.005500
0.00%
1.6349
0.00%
0.055500
0.00%
0.001702
0.00%
0.00000000000995
0.00%
0.000019
0.00%
0.000999
0.00%
0.0300
0.00%
0.0130
0.00%
0.0006
0.00%
65.1101
0.00%
3.7189
0.00%
0.00000008
0.00%
0.000080
0.00%
0.0015
0.00%
0.0100
0.00%
0.015000
0.00%
4.1000
0.00%
0.000331
0.00%
0.0489
0.00%
0.0745
0.00%
0.002647
0.00%
0.001240
0.00%
0.000848
0.00%
0.002101
0.00%
0.3882
0.00%
0.076250
0.00%
0.0150
0.00%
0.0752
0.00%
0.009589
0.00%
0.0036
0.00%
0.1769
0.00%
2.2915
0.00%
0.000241
0.00%
0.10500
0.00%
0.000940
0.00%
0.000137
0.00%
0.0004031
0.00%
0.0096
0.00%
0.0090
0.00%
0.05586
1.47%
0.000190
0.00%
0.004992
0.02%
1.76670591
0.00%
0.0006
0.00%
0.0007
0.00%
0.000399
0.00%
0.0001273
0.00%
0.0364
0.00%
0.0000002054
0.00%
0.0001
0.00%
0.6700
0.00%
0.00011
0.00%
0.00001
0.00%
0.00010
0.00%
0.0010
0.00%
0.2888
0.00%
0.00501
0.00%
0.02700
0.00%
0.0000759
0.00%
0.2298
0.00%
0.0025
0.00%
0.3515
0.00%
0.4900
0.00%
0.9900
0.00%
0.5000
0.00%
0.0134
0.00%
0.88686
0.00%
0.00745
0.00%
0.00005
0.00%
0.00003444
0.00%
0.0000325
0.00%
1.1760
0.00%
0.1458
0.00%
0.01463
0.00%
0.01618
1.51%
0.00901
0.00%
0.4606
0.00%
0.002005
0.00%
0.00012
0.00%
0.0000032
0.00%
0.00000000131
0.00%
0.030101
0.00%
0.01200
0.00%
0.000001000
0.00%
0.00396
0.00%
0.00002337
0.00%
0.0000008
0.00%
1.3494
2.99%
0.01300
0.00%
0.00300
0.00%
0.0000320
0.00%
0.00450
0.00%
0.34126
0.00%
0.00515
0.00%
0.00155
0.00%
0.0000080
0.00%
0.0008
0.00%
0.000688
0.00%
0.00227
0.00%
0.00058
0.00%
0.03520
0.00%
2.9000
0.00%
0.0000031
0.00%
0.000000005
0.00%
0.000658
0.00%
0.01200
0.00%
0.001020
0.00%
0.0000155
0.00%
0.00099
0.00%
0.0515
0.00%
0.0000031
0.00%
0.0007240
0.00%
0.00200
0.00%
0.00000016739
0.00%
0.0001000
0.00%
0.0307
0.00%
0.3186
0.00%
0.000501
0.00%
0.00048
0.00%
0.00067500
0.00%
0.012713
0.00%
0.00730
0.00%
0.0000472
-0.63%
0.0001402
0.00%
0.0900
0.00%
0.00006
0.00%
0.000000000019
0.00%
0.0001
0.00%
0.001029
0.00%
0.01000
0.00%
0.006003
0.00%
50.60
0.00%
0.18
0.00%
0.0000269
0.00%
0.0000000500
0.00%
0.0000001300
0.00%
0.001567
0.00%
0.0000001
0.00%
0.0000001
0.00%
0.0000550
0.00%
0.000000000245
0.00%
0.000000000076
0.00%
0.000426832
0.00%
0.0000000020
0.00%
0.27728
0.00%
0.0000000000001
0.00%
0.5445
0.00%
0.0124
0.00%
0.000000000000001
0.00%
0.000000000000001
0.00%
0.0001490
0.00%
0.000000000000001
0.00%
0.00000000000001
0.00%
0.000000000000001
0.00%
0.00000000000000056
0.00%
0.00000000010
0.00%
0.00000000000084
0.00%
0.0000066
0.00%
0.000600
0.00%
0.000000000000001
0.00%
0.000000000000001
0.00%
0.0000000000012
0.00%
0.00000000000005
0.00%
0.00449
0.00%
0.000000000000001
0.00%
0.000043
0.00%
0.00000000000010
0.00%
0.00300
0.00%
0.00102014
0.00%
0.00000071
0.00%
0.0014072
0.26%
0.01334
0.00%
0.000001
0.00%
0.250
0.00%
0.5383
2.47%
0.001240
0.00%
0.0249
0.00%
0.7441
0.00%
0.1531
2.96%
0.02667
0.38%
0.00500
0.00%
3.57
0.00%
0.0022
0.00%
0.00538
0.00%
0.03680
0.57%
0.7293
-1.07%
0.000000000180
0.00%
4601.03
0.00%
2.003
2.35%
0.0091
0.00%