What Are Permissioned and Permissionless Blockchains?
Two Fundamental Forms of Blockchain
When delving into the diverse applications and mechanisms of blockchain technology, we often center on consensus algorithms, such as Proof-of-Work and Proof-of-Stake. However, a crucial distinction that shouldn't be overlooked is the difference between permissioned and permissionless blockchains. This fundamental classification aids our understanding of blockchain's inherent characteristics from aspects like participant access, data transparency, and network governance. It also enables a more accurate assessment of their liquidity and adaptability in real-world scenarios. By grasping the基础知识 of these two blockchain types, users and developers can better select the appropriate model to facilitate efficient, secure information exchange and value transfer tailored to their needs.
Defining Permissioned vs. Permissionless Blockchains with Examples
When delving into the diversity of blockchain technology, the primary distinction lies in its openness. The two main categories are permissioned and permissionless blockchains, differentiated by participation and validation requirements.
Permissionless (also known as public) blockchains are highly decentralized networks where anyone can participate without specific authorization. Users can freely join the network, engage in transactions, validate them, and partake in the consensus process. Bitcoin, the first widely adopted cryptocurrency, exemplifies a permissionless blockchain; its nodes face no predefined restrictions, allowing global users to become miners or full node operators. Similarly, Ethereum and LBK Chain are notable projects that adopt a permissionless design, enabling all internet users to contribute to their ecosystem's development.
In contrast, permissioned (or consortium, private) blockchains enforce strict access controls. These blockchain networks are exclusive to authorized members, often utilized in enterprise, government, or scenarios demanding high customization and privacy. For instance, Hyperledger Fabric is an open-source blockchain project backed by the Linux Foundation, tailored for enterprise use cases. It facilitates the creation of permissioned blockchain networks. If a company wishes to integrate blockchain into its supply chain management, it might opt to build a permissioned blockchain system based on Hyperledger Fabric. Only pre-approved suppliers, logistics providers, and other partners holding valid credentials would be allowed to connect to this network, interacting with data and processing transactions.
The Evolution from Bitcoin to Permissioned Blockchains
The history of blockchain technology dates back to Satoshi Nakamoto's groundbreaking Bitcoin whitepaper in 2008. This document introduced a novel permissionless blockchain architecture, enabling anonymous users worldwide to collectively maintain an immutable and transparent ledger through consensus mechanisms. Bitcoin, as the first real-world application, ingrained decentralization and permissionlessness at the heart of blockchain, leaving a profound impact on subsequent cryptocurrency projects.
However, as blockchain matured and found more use cases, it became apparent that this fully open, restriction-free model wasn't suitable for every scenario.Especially in enterprise applications, requirements for data privacy, participant control, and transaction speed were more stringent. In response to these specific needs, a new form of blockchain emerged – the permissioned blockchain.
Projects like Hyperledger Fabric, Quorum, MultiChain, and customized Ethereum Geth for enterprises came into existence under this backdrop. They retained core blockchain attributes such as immutability, partial transparency, and security while introducing access controls, allowing only authorized entities to participate in network read-write operations and consensus processes. This innovation has offered ideal solutions for sectors like finance, supply chain management, and government services, signifying blockchain's evolution from a single permissionless model towards a more diverse and adaptable landscape.
Comparing Key Features of Permissioned vs. Permissionless Blockchains
Permissioned Blockchain
- Limited Transparency: Offers some level of privacy and access control, allowing only authorized participants to view or manipulate on-chain information.
- User Base: Network access is restricted to pre-selected or invited users.
- Digital Assets/Tokens: High flexibility in token issuance; tokens may not be issued or strictly controlled.
- Consensus Update Process: Updates and decision-making are quicker due to a smaller, manageable number of participating nodes.
- Scalability: Easier to optimize performance and scale because of its closed, centralized nature.
- Network Permissions: Centralized or semi-centralized management allows administrators to decide who can join, read, write, and validate data.
Permissionless Blockchain
- Full Transparency: All transaction records are visible to everyone, ensuring public transparency.
- Barrier-free Entry: Any internet user can freely participate without special approval or invitation.
- Digital Assets/Tokens: Native tokens are common and actively encouraged for usage and trading, like Bitcoin and Ethereum.
- Consensus Update Process: Reaching consensus takes longer due to decentralization, requiring extensive community discussions and protocol upgrades.
- Scalability: Balancing decentralization while enhancing scalability is challenging with a large number of participating nodes open to all.
- Network Permissions: Decentralized entirely, no single entity controls network access or data processing.
The Pros and Cons of Permissionless Blockchains
Advantages of Permissionless Blockchains
1. Decentralization Potential: While not all permissionless blockchains fully decentralize, they generally possess inherent mechanisms and the potential for decentralization, allowing anyone to participate in consensus or use the network as they wish.
2. High Collective Consensus and Participation: Users in permissionless blockchains have significant decision-making power, collectively determining major network updates and rule changes through voting, though disagreements can lead to blockchain forks.
3. Openness and Accessibility: With very low barriers to entry, anyone can easily join by creating a wallet, enjoying equal rights to usage.
Disadvantages of Permissionless Blockchains
1. Scalability Challenges: When faced with large user bases and high traffic, permissionless blockchains struggle with scalability, requiring consensus from all participants for effective upgrades, a process that can be both intricate and time-consuming.
2. Security Risks: Given that anyone can join, these blockchains are more vulnerable to malicious attacks. Additionally, their high transparency may compromise privacy and security.
Pros and Cons of Permissioned Blockchains
Advantages of Permissioned Blockchains
1. Customizability and Scalability: Permissioned blockchains can be tailored to specific needs, making it easier to achieve certain functions or goals. With validators managed by a central entity, network upgrades are smoother, enhancing scalability and performance.
2. Flexible Transparency Control: Operators can adjust the level of transparency in the network according to real-world use cases, balancing necessary data privacy with effective information flow.
3. Precise User Control: Access is strictly controlled in permissioned blockchains, allowing only invited users to participate, fostering a more orderly and manageable ecosystem.
Disadvantages of Permissioned Blockchains
1. Centralization Risk: Power concentrated in a central entity or a few validators may lead to unequal consideration of stakeholders' interests, compromising decision fairness.
2. Security Vulnerabilities: Compared to permissionless blockchains, fewer validators in permissioned systems can make their consensus mechanisms more susceptible to attacks, posing security challenges.
3. Censorship Risks: Operators, when altering network settings or colluding with other participants, might introduce censorship risks, potentially leading to unreasonable modification or deletion of blockchain information.
Choosing Between Permissioned and Permissionless Blockchains
When deciding whether to use a permissioned or permissionless blockchain, your specific requirements and application context are paramount.
- For public, open settings: If you aim to build a network accessible to the public without specific permissions, fostering transparency, such as developing a decentralized financial system or creating a platform where anyone can verify transaction records, then a permissionless blockchain is the ideal choice. Additionally, privacy-enhancing techniques can be employed to protect user privacy while maintaining the openness of the network.
- For private, restricted scenarios: If you're designing a solution for an enterprise, organization, or government agency that necessitates strict identity verification and access control to ensure data security and efficient collaboration, a permissioned blockchain is more suitable. It's worth noting that even in private environments, permissioned blockchains don't have to be entirely closed and opaque; their transparency and openness can be tailored to suit specific needs, enabling customized trust mechanisms and information sharing strategies.
Conclusion
In conclusion, permissioned and permissionless blockchain architectures represent two extremes of decentralization and customization. Permissionless blockchains like Bitcoin and Ethereum create a trustless trading environment for global users by leveraging their openness and decentralization; on the other hand, permissioned blockchains such as Hyperledger Fabric cater to enterprise needs with controlled access and scalability, ensuring privacy and performance. As blockchain technology evolves and use cases diversify, we can expect more hybrid solutions and adaptable consensus mechanisms to emerge. These advancements will broaden the application boundaries of blockchain across various industries, prompting us to continually seek the optimal balance between security, efficiency, and transparency.
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0.00001679 | -4.00% | |
0.0014 | 0.00% | |
0.1940 | -1.07% | |
0.00009155 | -38.32% | |
0.02249 | -0.40% | |
0.00000000004599 | 1.14% | |
0.00000002460 | -15.03% | |
15.234 | 13.60% | |
0.0556 | -16.01% | |
2913 | 0.59% | |
0.4447 | 1.41% | |
0.06600 | -3.07% | |
0.000170 | -0.58% | |
1.198 | 7.06% | |
1.878 | 3.47% | |
0.5339 | -0.67% | |
0.018501 | -13.55% | |
0.001011 | 1.92% | |
1.0000 | 0.00% | |
7.89 | 1.02% | |
0.001215 | 40.46% | |
0.01636 | -0.79% | |
1.8384 | 11.97% | |
0.4409 | 0.20% | |
0.0108232 | 1.66% | |
0.03683 | -0.81% | |
0.0000835 | -5.11% | |
0.02428 | -23.89% | |
0.1620 | -11.23% | |
0.00683 | -1.01% | |
0.001275 | -27.02% | |
0.0174 | 29.85% | |
0.3840 | 5.49% | |
0.008127 | -9.00% | |
0.2834 | 1.61% | |
0.8538 | -2.98% | |
0.00091 | -7.14% | |
0.1171 | -1.84% | |
0.3262 | 0.93% | |
0.02003 | -20.20% | |
0.2591 | -3.43% | |
0.2962 | 0.03% | |
0.11643 | 0.55% | |
0.0229 | -2.14% | |
0.001083 | 5.56% | |
0.2701 | -9.57% | |
0.000000002200 | 0.00% | |
0.003567 | -2.01% | |
0.4145 | 0.75% | |
0.02829 | -11.40% | |
0.0006848 | -14.51% | |
0.5251 | 2.66% | |
0.1473 | -2.77% | |
0.004937 | -15.61% | |
0.405 | 1.76% | |
0.0002018 | -7.77% | |
0.0000302 | 6.34% | |
0.000507 | 0.00% | |
0.00000006950 | -0.57% | |
0.2724 | -2.05% | |
0.00922 | -14.15% | |
0.4998 | -0.04% | |
2.5967 | 1.05% | |
0.0217 | 11.28% | |
0.005218 | 0.97% | |
0.2573 | -1.04% | |
0.03311 | -0.57% | |
2.8612 | -3.31% | |
0.001132 | -9.87% | |
0.005787 | -1.58% | |
0.00000440 | -0.90% | |
0.1061 | 3.92% | |
0.00190 | 4.40% | |
0.00006171 | 6.12% | |
0.0766 | 0.00% | |
0.0587 | 1.38% | |
0.001009 | -2.42% | |
0.2319 | -0.98% | |
0.0000418 | -14.17% | |
0.2006 | -7.34% | |
0.01046 | 4.60% | |
0.01216 | -9.66% | |
0.02226 | 1.18% | |
0.00510 | 0.79% | |
0.01987 | -12.54% | |
0.6516 | 39.83% | |
4.4005 | -0.05% | |
0.765 | -2.17% | |
0.00152 | 0.66% | |
2969.58 | 1.97% | |
0.2304 | 0.74% | |
0.05286 | -8.58% | |
0.006416 | -22.20% | |
0.006885 | 23.79% | |
0.00000004867 | 2.92% | |
0.001515 | 9.47% | |
0.2642 | -0.71% | |
3.324 | 3.45% | |
0.002146 | -26.63% | |
1.9418 | 0.35% | |
0.01097 | -9.04% | |
0.6978 | 9.03% | |
0.00750 | -13.79% | |
0.00629 | -1.87% | |
0.001779 | -13.93% | |
9.960 | 2.97% | |
3.481 | -3.44% | |
7.102 | 1.15% | |
0.02005 | -0.79% | |
1.152 | 5.01% | |
0.03881 | -21.74% | |
0.720 | 0.28% | |
0.005178 | -9.51% | |
0.0005758 | 53.14% | |
0.02482 | -24.14% | |
0.0602 | 0.84% | |
0.009209 | -0.02% | |
0.00078 | -2.50% | |
4.872 | 1.54% | |
12.64 | 6.58% | |
2.1706 | 2.30% | |
0.001957 | -2.05% | |
0.7957 | 1.66% | |
0.000205 | 2.50% | |
0.004312 | -14.77% | |
0.001888 | -26.11% | |
0.001677 | -2.16% | |
0.09800 | 10.11% | |
0.6940 | -1.13% | |
0.2099 | -1.13% | |
1.216 | -0.49% | |
0.007179 | -1.12% | |
0.05828 | -4.82% | |
0.3179 | 4.16% | |
0.0174 | -3.33% | |
0.0000000053 | -1.85% | |
0.1709 | -3.17% | |
15.22 | 0.46% | |
0.03435 | -21.93% | |
25.56 | -3.26% | |
0.007642 | 11.73% | |
0.07720 | 6.79% | |
0.000413 | -1.90% | |
0.06387 | -8.10% | |
0.000894 | -15.02% | |
0.0005653 | -5.02% | |
4.736 | -5.15% | |
0.0140 | 0.72% | |
0.1853 | -2.01% | |
0.0000000000001 | 0.00% | |
30.3853 | -9.14% | |
0.0000001762 | -2.11% | |
0.02031 | 1.40% | |
0.14668 | -5.62% | |
0.00000083 | -51.18% | |
0.000000042852 | 2.62% | |
0.006571 | -12.07% | |
0.002579 | -10.45% | |
0.00729 | -12.69% | |
0.0400 | 0.00% | |
0.815 | 1.75% | |
0.000692 | 0.87% | |
0.04350 | -13.00% | |
0.00629 | -3.38% | |
0.000900 | -31.51% | |
0.006158 | -4.53% | |
0.0005258 | 0.92% | |
0.003220 | -10.16% | |
0.003245 | 17.44% | |
0.008400 | 0.71% | |
0.022004 | 16.52% | |
20.95 | 1.95% | |
0.000519 | -0.38% | |
0.001999 | -4.12% | |
1.5885 | -3.47% | |
0.003085 | 0.49% | |
0.1038 | -0.38% | |
0.007357 | 2.18% | |
0.00001805 | -2.11% | |
0.000798 | 20.18% | |
0.0000000390 | 5.41% | |
0.021263 | -7.72% | |
0.0009213 | -2.54% | |
0.0712 | 1.28% | |
0.0072 | 0.00% | |
0.020851 | -13.88% | |
0.00916 | -17.77% | |
2.184568 | -2.65% | |
0.00003474 | 9.14% | |
0.0072262 | 0.46% | |
0.03200 | -5.60% | |
0.01725 | -7.56% | |
0.0082 | 64.00% | |
0.000177 | -1.67% | |
0.0012 | 0.00% | |
0.003644 | -0.11% | |
0.4279 | -1.27% | |
0.000579 | 1.22% | |
0.000392 | 1.55% | |
0.000618 | -19.00% | |
1.1522 | -0.94% | |
0.486 | -3.19% | |
0.01351 | 0.97% | |
1.284 | 12.53% | |
0.2713 | -1.13% | |
10.61 | -0.56% | |
2.0160 | 0.72% | |
0.0122 | 19.61% | |
0.2420 | 2.20% | |
0.1336 | -2.55% | |
0.004108 | -8.45% | |
0.014913 | 17.24% | |
0.001686 | -25.96% | |
0.01106 | -17.71% | |
0.1106 | 1.10% | |
0.0000782 | -2.86% | |
0.02473 | -13.86% | |
0.01707 | -0.29% | |
0.00512 | 4.92% | |
1052 | 5.31% | |
1.337 | -0.74% | |
0.00007737 | 1.78% | |
0.0329 | 26.05% | |
0.000000859 | 4.50% | |
0.6391 | 1.27% | |
0.8677 | 4.30% | |
19.58 | -3.07% | |
0.00602 | 8.08% | |
0.2289 | -0.22% | |
0.002671 | 0.19% | |
0.6885 | 0.19% | |
5.5289 | -8.12% | |
325.2 | -1.12% | |
0.04862 | -30.14% | |
0.021108 | 16.72% | |
0.001610 | -8.89% | |
0.0994 | -4.88% | |
0.1415 | 0.35% | |
0.0002850 | -1.86% | |
0.2100 | 0.24% | |
0.01998 | -0.55% | |
0.01359 | 2.03% | |
0.73952 | 10.29% | |
0.3323 | 0.45% | |
0.0000000002373 | 1.63% | |
0.0006229 | -15.48% | |
0.03701 | -2.14% | |
0.0005815 | -1.57% | |
0.04900 | -27.41% | |
0.00000000012459 | 3.22% | |
0.1769 | -0.11% | |
0.5634 | 3.59% | |
0.0003364 | -21.22% | |
0.001641 | -3.98% | |
0.00475345 | -5.52% | |
0.18230 | -0.98% | |
1.0321 | 1.98% | |
0.4040 | 2.56% | |
0.007286 | 1.45% | |
0.3578 | 1.45% | |
0.002079 | -16.20% | |
0.0007939 | -9.58% | |
1.796 | 0.96% | |
0.00000004009 | 17.15% | |
0.01650 | 1.41% | |
0.00038979 | 0.30% | |
0.004650 | -11.76% | |
0.04692 | -11.87% | |
0.00001717 | -5.50% | |
0.0000000436 | 2.59% | |
0.065925 | -0.95% | |
0.004184 | -10.75% | |
36.54 | 0.05% | |
0.1190 | -0.75% | |
0.2168 | -6.31% | |
0.000290000 | 17.06% | |
0.0000857 | -5.30% | |
0.0939 | 0.21% | |
0.0390 | -9.72% | |
0.0180 | 6.51% | |
0.000000672 | 0.60% | |
0.001107 | 21.12% | |
0.00868 | 0.46% | |
0.0000001313 | 6.57% | |
0.02922 | -18.27% | |
0.00753 | -0.40% | |
0.00022 | 0.00% | |
0.0003363 | -2.47% | |
0.005533 | -4.62% | |
0.002850 | -12.31% | |
0.006512 | -11.67% | |
2.972 | 2.24% | |
0.001641 | -10.91% | |
0.0118 | 29.67% | |
0.1265 | -5.81% | |
181.38 | -0.54% | |
0.013190 | 88.13% | |
0.0289 | -4.93% | |
0.01062 | 0.09% | |
55.96 | 0.48% | |
0.1298 | -0.76% | |
0.000064 | -15.79% | |
0.0000743 | -4.13% | |
0.0006014 | -12.46% | |
0.03046 | -4.21% | |
0.3709 | -6.22% | |
0.004297 | -13.84% | |
0.0025 | -7.41% | |
0.00922 | -5.14% | |
0.000708 | 10.28% | |
0.0000082 | 1.23% | |
2.221 | 0.91% | |
0.3898 | 0.00% | |
0.04069 | -0.37% | |
7.872 | -2.67% | |
0.4309 | 0.56% | |
0.01373 | 4.89% | |
0.009266 | -1.22% | |
0.1285 | -0.08% | |
0.00003066 | -8.09% | |
22.64 | 0.40% | |
0.00001144 | -6.54% | |
0.004161 | -0.38% | |
0.002929 | -3.17% | |
4.495 | 2.49% | |
0.8285 | -0.62% | |
0.00000000000001 | -75.00% | |
0.1217 | -3.64% | |
0.000000000027 | -3.57% | |
0.001070 | -10.91% | |
0.3091 | -1.15% | |
0.05555 | -2.53% | |
2.344 | -3.50% | |
0.3956 | 0.38% | |
0.0059 | 1.72% | |
0.01659 | -1.19% | |
0.04271 | -1.93% | |
0.001352 | -0.44% | |
1.409 | -1.19% | |
0.0001500 | -3.66% | |
0.002358 | -4.11% | |
0.000336 | 5.99% | |
0.0000003573 | 4.66% | |
0.0000001391 | -9.08% | |
0.005647 | -18.16% | |
0.01414 | -14.20% | |
0.08865 | 0.91% | |
0.00000000000001 | -75.00% | |
4.7504 | -13.63% | |
0.00740 | -19.57% | |
0.00214 | 3.88% | |
0.01601 | -10.31% | |
0.2337 | -5.00% | |
0.02468 | -2.76% | |
5.1100 | -8.75% | |
0.0058 | -9.38% | |
0.11079 | 4.67% | |
0.0018 | 260.00% | |
0.002535 | -17.10% | |
0.052525 | 6.39% | |
18.127 | 4.30% | |
0.006649 | 6.97% | |
0.004002 | -11.66% | |
0.1545 | 6.70% | |
0.000000145 | -19.89% | |
0.0049673 | 3.51% | |
0.01859 | -7.51% | |
0.003453 | -7.23% | |
0.005572 | -2.93% | |
0.0003624 | -12.25% | |
3.991 | 0.05% | |
0.0000156 | -1.89% | |
0.6686 | -0.22% | |
0.000972 | -7.52% | |
0.0157 | -28.31% | |
0.02083 | -2.89% | |
0.001336 | -12.28% | |
0.00008969 | -9.28% | |
0.6621 | -0.35% | |
0.0000008938 | -9.30% | |
0.0328 | -6.82% | |
0.000735 | -15.52% | |
0.0315 | -2.17% | |
0.17800 | -1.11% | |
0.00581 | -15.92% | |
0.00155 | 0.00% | |
0.04160 | 1.61% | |
0.02838 | -4.70% | |
0.00002631 | -0.83% | |
0.9500 | -4.83% | |
0.1253 | 2.37% | |
0.1007 | -1.66% | |
1.307 | 1.87% | |
0.0000000000000225 | 2.74% | |
14.03 | -6.22% | |
0.1029 | 8.32% | |
0.000001718 | -13.23% | |
0.005125 | -0.27% | |
0.00032488 | -6.83% | |
0.000000000001 | -80.00% | |
0.01893 | 4.01% | |
0.0203 | -0.98% | |
0.0957 | -3.92% | |
0.000101 | -0.98% | |
0.0132 | 3.13% | |
0.000694 | 0.58% | |
0.003511 | 6.39% | |
1.0999 | 19.27% | |
0.1426 | -1.25% | |
0.00849 | -5.25% | |
0.952 | -5.37% | |
0.000975 | 6.67% | |
0.003506 | -10.08% | |
0.0716 | -0.69% | |
1.805 | -3.68% | |
0.00984 | -1.11% | |
0.0893 | 8.64% | |
0.002688 | 0.98% | |
0.00008567 | 4.15% | |
0.5494 | 0.18% | |
1.478 | -5.92% | |
0.0192 | -7.25% | |
2.058 | 4.84% | |
0.0152 | -14.61% | |
20.09 | -1.42% | |
0.518 | 0.00% | |
0.0052975 | -5.62% | |
0.009612 | -26.32% | |
1.016 | 4.21% | |
0.1133 | -48.15% | |
0.001522 | 95.63% | |
0.000700 | -1.69% | |
0.0480 | -1.84% | |
23.113 | -0.31% | |
2.778 | -9.39% | |
0.000001870 | -6.45% | |
0.686 | -2.14% | |
0.000028 | -9.68% | |
0.010506 | -4.67% | |
0.00000337 | -16.79% | |
0.0104 | 0.97% | |
2895.43 | -0.18% | |
0.002483 | -12.63% | |
0.4833 | 0.06% | |
0.0843 | -12.55% | |
0.000000000002404 | 2.04% | |
0.7912 | -0.05% | |
0.0997 | -7.60% | |
0.0002619 | -2.60% | |
0.000821 | -3.64% | |
0.01482 | 0.47% | |
0.00300 | -32.13% | |
0.002100 | 0.00% | |
0.1530 | -14.76% | |
0.1488 | 7.83% | |
0.00437 | -3.74% | |
20.10 | -2.62% | |
0.887 | -1.33% | |
0.03573 | -8.78% | |
0.0933 | -6.51% | |
0.005984 | -12.88% | |
0.3937 | -1.13% | |
0.896 | -0.11% | |
0.1252 | -0.71% | |
0.1993 | 43.90% | |
0.01375 | 11.16% | |
0.0001714 | -34.80% | |
0.0000001247 | 1.22% | |
0.000140 | 3.70% | |
0.001589 | -28.33% | |
0.01291 | 1.18% | |
0.01099 | -18.47% | |
10.95 | 0.09% | |
0.002185 | 30.76% | |
0.00000000000128 | -1.54% | |
0.0003484 | -8.07% | |
0.00783 | -8.63% | |
0.001570 | 3.90% | |
0.0000000282 | 5.22% | |
0.001185 | -5.28% | |
14.12 | 4.05% | |
0.0081 | 1.25% | |
0.00000000002075 | -14.47% | |
0.0015770 | 110.27% | |
0.00000000000047 | -14.55% | |
0.1316 | 0.53% | |
0.19323 | -7.62% | |
0.1800 | -6.10% | |
0.0398 | -0.25% | |
0.4532 | 3.02% | |
0.0407 | 2.01% | |
0.0006134 | -1.54% | |
0.2532 | -1.33% | |
0.0321 | 4.56% | |
0.00000001341 | 0.68% | |
0.005110 | -16.26% | |
0.007500 | 15.74% | |
0.01466 | -1.94% | |
0.953 | -0.73% | |
0.00000006129 | -12.75% | |
1.7083 | 2.26% | |
0.02667 | -2.27% | |
0.3732 | -8.46% | |
0.00870 | -5.74% | |
0.000000002208 | 4.74% | |
0.04770 | -14.15% | |
0.0004376 | -4.87% | |
0.01414 | -2.82% | |
0.14094 | -0.78% | |
0.0003741 | -5.29% | |
0.08990 | 0.48% | |
0.0000982 | -22.06% | |
0.05749 | 8.31% | |
0.04875 | -3.04% | |
0.08270 | -0.77% | |
16.0000 | -3.03% | |
0.4653 | 0.69% | |
0.002295 | -16.03% | |
0.00000403 | 2.54% | |
1.2100 | -28.82% | |
0.00048988 | -1.98% | |
0.000788 | -24.23% | |
0.001938 | 17.60% | |
0.00956 | -6.73% | |
0.00317 | 1.93% | |
0.0004804 | -14.97% | |
0.1580 | -3.13% | |
0.003900 | 0.03% | |
0.00280 | -20.00% | |
0.0110 | 11.11% | |
0.001608 | -0.86% | |
0.000000002674 | 1.60% | |
0.0000002673 | 0.30% | |
0.000000003506 | 1.12% | |
0.1227 | -2.39% | |
7.982 | 1.55% | |
0.0001794 | -18.45% | |
0.0000000897 | 4.06% | |
0.2723 | 1.04% | |
0.000001966 | -0.30% | |
0.0048 | 9.09% | |
0.003811 | -13.56% | |
0.2399 | 0.29% | |
0.003622 | 2.78% | |
0.0298 | -0.67% | |
0.0014 | 27.27% | |
0.02324 | 1.40% | |
0.6598 | -0.24% | |
0.00000018 | 0.00% | |
0.002800 | 80.65% | |
0.000810 | -19.00% | |
0.000999 | 62.44% | |
0.000000000072 | -26.53% | |
0.521 | -5.79% | |
0.000098 | 19.51% | |
0.000038 | -19.15% | |
0.003006 | -25.59% | |
0.0000000004 | -20.00% | |
0.6500 | -7.14% | |
0.00579922 | 26.06% | |
0.00120 | -50.00% | |
0.001796 | -3.54% | |
0.00000413 | -4.18% | |
0.000001830 | -1.08% | |
0.000000000316 | 4.98% | |
23.73 | 3.90% | |
0.00000006 | -14.29% | |
1.666 | -0.18% | |
0.3227 | 0.31% | |
0.0550 | -4.18% | |
0.000000000838 | 11.88% | |
0.000725 | -35.21% | |
0.000005 | 0.00% | |
0.009575 | 0.78% | |
0.015001 | 50.00% | |
0.0492 | -3.34% | |
0.0000026 | 4.00% | |
0.0000029 | 3.57% | |
0.1092 | -3.45% | |
0.00201 | -14.83% | |
0.00011 | 0.00% | |
0.001358 | -2.30% | |
0.0000175 | 92.31% | |
1.994 | -1.19% | |
0.000042 | -4.55% | |
0.1795 | 1.07% | |
0.0000000053000 | -8.62% | |
0.004420 | 1.01% | |
0.0412 | -1.44% | |
0.0445 | -2.84% | |
0.00016 | 14.29% | |
0.0364 | 1.68% | |
0.00000000000352 | 19.73% | |
0.00307 | -51.65% | |
0.07250 | 0.75% | |
0.000000000000001 | 0.00% | |
0.02024 | -2.69% | |
0.1811 | -11.05% | |
0.1651 | -5.17% | |
0.004854 | -0.33% | |
0.00039 | -20.41% | |
0.000132 | 1.54% | |
0.02270 | -3.24% | |
0.1313 | -1.43% | |
3.635 | -1.36% | |
0.012525 | -0.02% | |
0.0379 | 9.54% | |
0.1638 | 1.49% | |
0.00000000000975 | 2.31% | |
5.933 | 1.45% | |
8.43 | -5.17% | |
0.000939 | -3.00% | |
0.0001 | 0.00% | |
0.9500 | -2.76% | |
51.024 | -1.58% | |
0.0295 | -1.67% | |
0.00830 | -13.99% | |
0.000000000000001 | 0.00% | |
0.05871 | -4.58% | |
0.1362 | 1.95% | |
0.0004963 | -15.38% | |
0.000000000005 | -16.67% | |
1.813 | -0.87% | |
0.00163 | 4.49% | |
0.000299 | -10.21% | |
0.0150 | -11.24% | |
0.0000094 | 1.08% | |
0.000113 | -10.32% | |
0.002004 | -0.15% | |
0.000000000006923 | -0.33% | |
0.000000000001110 | 1.74% | |
0.0000174 | -3.87% | |
0.000032 | 3.23% | |
0.00000000009 | 0.00% | |
0.0798 | -6.45% | |
0.00032 | -5.88% | |
0.002864 | -19.37% | |
0.003125 | -14.17% | |
0.00011916 | 0.63% | |
0.00000000000061 | -1.61% | |
0.1026 | -3.21% | |
0.2909 | -2.45% | |
0.000302 | -8.48% | |
0.000510 | -15.00% | |
0.00001 | 0.00% | |
0.948 | -1.86% | |
0.0015 | -25.00% | |
0.0002300 | 3.32% | |
0.000134 | 0.75% | |
0.00008 | 0.00% | |
0.0000056 | 1.82% | |
0.00000000000450 | -3.23% | |
0.0012001 | 0.01% | |
0.004655 | 0.11% | |
0.00009039 | 48.11% | |
0.0007840 | 44.65% | |
0.1490 | 0.54% | |
0.00040 | 0.00% | |
0.0796 | 2.58% | |
0.00049 | -3.92% | |
0.1302 | -0.76% | |
11.63 | 0.52% | |
0.02106 | 1.79% | |
19.06 | -1.09% | |
0.001255 | -14.74% | |
0.000051 | -43.96% | |
0.00183 | 0.55% | |
0.04070 | 1.37% | |
0.00000380 | -40.81% | |
0.001528 | 2.07% | |
0.000000077 | -1.28% | |
0.00001115 | 7.11% | |
0.0000145 | -3.33% | |
0.00000000004124 | -10.07% | |
0.0227 | 27.53% | |
0.0708 | -1.94% | |
0.000124 | -1.59% | |
0.1207 | -2.11% | |
0.007917 | 49.91% | |
25.20 | -3.00% | |
0.0000000000000241 | -2.82% | |
0.000000001527 | 57.42% | |
0.1094 | 2.43% | |
0.0000264 | 1.54% | |
0.3917 | -7.27% | |
0.00582 | -4.12% | |
0.001500 | -5.42% | |
0.0703 | 0.00% | |
0.000064 | 72.97% | |
0.2468 | -3.63% | |
0.00000000002867 | 45.02% | |
0.00826 | -8.32% | |
0.01508 | -2.08% | |
0.00000000000213 | 5.45% | |
0.000000001201 | -2.91% | |
0.00000000000017 | -5.56% | |
0.00000550 | -3.68% | |
0.02689 | 37.69% | |
0.0031 | 24.00% | |
0.3264 | -1.83% | |
0.0001281 | -2.36% | |
0.0944 | 38.62% | |
0.003144 | 42.59% | |
0.00092 | 0.00% | |
0.0000306 | -46.03% | |
0.000000000500 | 0.00% | |
0.000000000748 | -0.80% | |
0.820 | 2.24% | |
0.00000063 | 14.55% | |
0.000001329 | 48.16% | |
0.005917 | -7.34% | |
0.1351 | -5.13% | |
115.95 | 0.83% | |
0.00000011 | -15.38% | |
0.000000000948 | -4.91% | |
0.7984 | -0.37% | |
0.00400 | -0.25% | |
0.000006 | 0.00% | |
0.00002 | -33.33% | |
0.000116 | -7.20% | |
0.00000000060 | -1.64% | |
0.000000000000001 | 0.00% | |
0.00100 | 0.00% | |
0.3192 | -0.56% | |
0.0900 | -1.10% | |
0.0034 | 47.83% | |
1.229 | -1.68% | |
0.000130 | 7.44% | |
0.1296 | -2.26% | |
0.000045 | 0.00% | |
0.0001 | 0.00% | |
0.000000000000001 | 0.00% | |
0.000000002196 | -48.92% | |
0.00192 | -1.03% | |
0.00000000001680 | 0.00% | |
0.559 | -2.27% | |
0.00000000000119 | -0.83% | |
0.002357 | -11.62% | |
0.0000786 | 0.00% | |
0.00000000060 | -37.50% | |
0.00014 | 0.00% | |
0.00000029 | 0.00% | |
0.000097 | -2.02% | |
0.01204 | -17.31% | |
0.003400 | 3.00% | |
0.03800 | 0.00% | |
0.00002 | -60.00% | |
0.0001705 | -15.30% | |
0.2501 | -1.61% | |
0.000441 | 0.00% | |
0.002699 | 0.00% | |
0.000415 | 0.00% | |
0.00125 | -6.02% | |
0.00020 | 0.00% | |
0.0009 | 0.00% | |
0.0000000000260 | 12.07% | |
0.0279 | 3.72% | |
0.00000000015899 | 0.65% | |
0.03334 | 3.64% | |
0.00000000000836 | -29.92% | |
0.0000996 | 0.00% | |
0.00040 | 53.85% | |
0.00005889 | -19.33% | |
0.0000334 | -0.30% | |
0.0000150 | -1.96% | |
0.0000000196 | 0.00% | |
0.000000189 | 0.00% | |
0.000000077 | -23.76% | |
0.00000013 | 0.00% | |
0.0013 | 44.44% | |
0.00000108 | 0.00% | |
0.00002000 | 0.00% | |
0.001000 | 0.00% | |
0.0010 | 42.86% | |
0.000133 | 0.00% | |
0.000021 | 0.00% | |
0.000203 | 1.50% | |
0.000650 | 47.73% | |
0.00006000 | 37.24% | |
0.0660 | 1.54% | |
0.1475 | 1.65% | |
2.059 | -4.05% | |
0.01939 | -0.62% | |
0.11375 | -10.04% | |
0.6479 | -24.76% | |
0.6392 | -0.34% | |
0.00034 | 3.03% | |
1.0513 | 1.13% | |
0.0003518 | -1.90% | |
1.0623 | 3.40% | |
0.0005260 | 2.63% | |
5.935 | -0.13% | |
0.02455 | -1.92% | |
0.1000 | 0.00% | |
0.08226 | -1.83% | |
0.0001500 | 0.00% | |
0.0003369 | 0.00% | |
0.00241 | -3.98% | |
0.0640 | -2.44% | |
2.0001 | 0.00% | |
5.04 | 0.40% | |
0.606 | -0.49% | |
0.0972 | -0.72% | |
2.000000 | 0.00% | |
0.3771 | 0.00% | |
0.5732 | 0.00% | |
0.0935 | 0.00% | |
4.096 | -1.11% | |
0.0000700 | 0.00% | |
0.1950 | -0.71% | |
10.68 | -3.00% | |
0.0001 | 0.00% | |
0.0700 | 0.00% | |
0.000002630 | 0.00% | |
0.000220 | 0.00% | |
0.750 | -0.27% | |
2.5015 | 0.00% | |
3.9889 | 0.00% | |
0.0083 | 0.00% | |
0.4424 | 0.00% | |
0.2584 | -2.42% | |
0.9746 | 0.00% | |
0.2515 | -0.28% | |
0.0069 | 0.00% | |
1.934 | 0.00% | |
0.2517 | -2.97% | |
0.0562 | -1.75% | |
0.0000204 | 0.00% | |
0.000100 | 0.00% | |
0.0150 | 0.00% | |
0.00000012044 | 0.00% | |
0.1204 | 0.00% | |
2.528 | -0.94% | |
0.000000000001 | 0.00% | |
0.00100 | 0.00% | |
0.00035 | 0.00% | |
0.00000000323111 | -3.87% | |
0.000000036 | 0.00% | |
0.0010 | 0.00% | |
0.000001026 | 0.00% | |
0.00032 | 0.00% | |
0.026075 | 0.00% | |
0.0000161 | 0.00% | |
0.1197 | 0.00% | |
0.000023 | 0.00% | |
0.001794 | 0.00% | |
0.000369 | 0.00% | |
0.0063 | 0.00% | |
0.001813 | 0.00% | |
0.0060 | 0.00% | |
0.0000002593 | 0.00% | |
0.00003000 | 0.00% | |
0.00001584 | 0.00% | |
0.0000001013 | 0.00% | |
0.00006187 | 0.00% | |
0.000137 | 0.00% | |
0.000000000046 | 0.00% | |
0.001405 | 0.00% | |
0.2340 | 0.04% | |
0.000595 | 0.51% | |
0.000902 | 0.00% | |
0.000000000762 | -0.26% | |
0.0001 | 0.00% | |
0.0560 | 0.00% | |
0.00007588 | 0.00% | |
0.000529 | -0.56% | |
0.004025 | 0.00% | |
0.0124 | -0.80% | |
9.751 | 1.03% | |
0.00010000 | 0.00% | |
0.00000230 | 0.00% | |
0.0000000105 | 0.00% | |
0.5000 | 0.00% | |
0.001870 | 0.00% | |
0.0000000053 | 0.00% | |
0.0000000050 | 0.00% | |
0.00001700 | 0.00% | |
0.000000210 | 0.00% | |
0.000317 | 0.00% | |
0.1454 | 0.00% | |
0.000101 | 0.00% | |
0.0025000 | 0.00% | |
0.0014 | 0.00% | |
0.0104 | 0.00% | |
0.000405 | 0.00% | |
-- | -- | |
0.001290 | 0.00% | |
0.0000013338 | 0.08% | |
0.000757 | 0.00% | |
0.001389 | 0.00% | |
1.6799 | 0.00% | |
0.00000000002387 | 0.00% | |
0.00000000000010 | 0.00% | |
0.00422 | 0.00% | |
0.00001 | 0.00% | |
0.0011 | 0.00% | |
0.0000288 | 0.00% | |
0.00020 | 0.00% | |
0.002900 | 0.00% | |
0.7998 | 0.00% | |
0.00006767 | 0.00% | |
0.0133 | 0.00% | |
0.00089 | 0.00% | |
0.001099 | 0.00% | |
0.001348 | 0.00% | |
0.00167 | 0.00% | |
0.0281 | 0.00% | |
0.0001000 | 0.00% | |
0.05056 | 0.00% | |
0.00390 | 0.00% | |
0.00005 | 0.00% | |
0.001501 | 0.00% | |
0.000141 | 0.00% | |
0.03750 | 0.00% | |
0.000024 | 0.00% | |
0.000013 | 0.00% | |
0.001234 | 0.00% | |
0.000229 | 0.00% | |
0.00088 | 0.00% | |
0.000453 | 0.00% | |
0.0066 | 0.00% | |
0.0011 | 0.00% | |
0.0004 | 0.00% | |
0.0007 | 0.00% | |
0.0240 | 0.00% | |
0.000523 | 0.00% | |
0.0030 | 0.00% | |
0.029784 | 0.00% | |
0.4998 | 0.00% | |
0.0000111 | 0.00% | |
0.007888 | 0.00% | |
0.000363 | 0.00% | |
0.0256 | 0.00% | |
0.000716 | 0.00% | |
0.001200 | 0.00% | |
0.000333 | 0.00% | |
0.00008338 | 0.00% | |
0.001050 | 0.00% | |
1.2500 | 0.00% | |
0.000360 | 0.00% | |
0.000383 | 0.00% | |
0.03915 | 0.00% | |
0.0045 | 0.00% | |
0.0004 | 0.00% | |
0.0786 | 0.00% | |
0.001563 | 0.00% | |
0.000001 | 0.00% | |
0.005500 | 0.00% | |
1.6349 | 0.00% | |
0.055500 | 0.00% | |
0.001702 | 0.00% | |
0.00000000000995 | 0.00% | |
0.000019 | 0.00% | |
0.000999 | 0.00% | |
0.0300 | 0.00% | |
0.0130 | 0.00% | |
0.0006 | 0.00% | |
65.1101 | 0.00% | |
3.7189 | 0.00% | |
0.00000008 | 0.00% | |
0.000080 | 0.00% | |
0.0015 | 0.00% | |
0.0100 | 0.00% | |
0.015000 | 0.00% | |
4.1000 | 0.00% | |
0.000331 | 0.00% | |
0.0489 | 0.00% | |
0.0745 | 0.00% | |
0.002647 | 0.00% | |
0.001240 | 0.00% | |
0.000848 | 0.00% | |
0.002101 | 0.00% | |
0.3882 | 0.00% | |
0.076250 | 0.00% | |
0.0150 | 0.00% | |
0.0752 | 0.00% | |
0.009589 | 0.00% | |
0.0036 | 0.00% | |
0.1769 | 0.00% | |
2.2915 | 0.00% | |
0.000241 | 0.00% | |
0.10500 | 0.00% | |
0.000940 | 0.00% | |
0.000137 | 0.00% | |
0.0004031 | 0.00% | |
0.0096 | 0.00% | |
0.0090 | 0.00% | |
0.05516 | -0.77% | |
0.000190 | 0.00% | |
0.004992 | 0.02% | |
1.76670591 | 0.00% | |
0.0006 | 0.00% | |
0.0007 | 0.00% | |
0.000399 | 0.00% | |
0.0001273 | 0.00% | |
0.0364 | 0.00% | |
0.0000002054 | 0.00% | |
0.0001 | 0.00% | |
0.6700 | 0.00% | |
0.00011 | 0.00% | |
0.00001 | 0.00% | |
0.00010 | 0.00% | |
0.0010 | 0.00% | |
0.2888 | 0.00% | |
0.00501 | 0.00% | |
0.02700 | 0.00% | |
0.0000759 | 0.00% | |
0.2298 | 0.00% | |
0.0025 | 0.00% | |
0.3515 | 0.00% | |
0.4900 | 0.00% | |
0.9900 | 0.00% | |
0.5000 | 0.00% | |
0.0134 | 0.00% | |
0.88686 | 0.00% | |
0.00745 | 0.00% | |
0.00005 | 0.00% | |
0.00003444 | 0.00% | |
0.0000325 | 0.00% | |
1.1760 | 0.00% | |
0.1458 | 0.00% | |
0.01463 | 0.00% | |
0.01616 | 1.32% | |
0.00901 | 0.00% | |
0.4606 | 0.00% | |
0.002005 | 0.00% | |
0.00012 | 0.00% | |
0.0000032 | 0.00% | |
0.00000000131 | 0.00% | |
0.030101 | 0.00% | |
0.01200 | 0.00% | |
0.000001000 | 0.00% | |
0.00396 | 0.00% | |
0.00002337 | 0.00% | |
0.0000008 | 0.00% | |
1.3225 | -1.17% | |
0.01300 | 0.00% | |
0.00300 | 0.00% | |
0.0000320 | 0.00% | |
0.00450 | 0.00% | |
0.34126 | 0.00% | |
0.00515 | 0.00% | |
0.00155 | 0.00% | |
0.0000080 | 0.00% | |
0.0008 | 0.00% | |
0.000688 | 0.00% | |
0.00227 | 0.00% | |
0.00058 | 0.00% | |
0.03520 | 0.00% | |
2.9000 | 0.00% | |
0.0000031 | 0.00% | |
0.000000005 | 0.00% | |
0.000658 | 0.00% | |
0.01200 | 0.00% | |
0.001020 | 0.00% | |
0.0000155 | 0.00% | |
0.00099 | 0.00% | |
0.0515 | 0.00% | |
0.0000031 | 0.00% | |
0.0007240 | 0.00% | |
0.00200 | 0.00% | |
0.00000016739 | 0.00% | |
0.0001000 | 0.00% | |
0.0307 | 0.00% | |
0.3186 | 0.00% | |
0.000501 | 0.00% | |
0.00048 | 0.00% | |
0.00067500 | 0.00% | |
0.012713 | 0.00% | |
0.00730 | 0.00% | |
0.0000468 | -2.09% | |
0.0001402 | 0.00% | |
0.0900 | 0.00% | |
0.00006 | 0.00% | |
0.000000000019 | 0.00% | |
0.0001 | 0.00% | |
0.001029 | 0.00% | |
0.01000 | 0.00% | |
0.006003 | 0.00% | |
50.60 | 0.00% | |
0.18 | 0.00% | |
0.0000269 | 0.00% | |
0.0000000500 | 0.00% | |
0.0000001300 | 0.00% | |
0.001567 | 0.00% | |
0.0000001 | 0.00% | |
0.0000001 | 0.00% | |
0.0000550 | 0.00% | |
0.000000000245 | 0.00% | |
0.000000000076 | 0.00% | |
0.000426832 | 0.00% | |
0.0000000020 | 0.00% | |
0.27728 | 0.00% | |
0.0000000000001 | 0.00% | |
0.5445 | 0.00% | |
0.0124 | 0.00% | |
0.000000000000001 | 0.00% | |
0.000000000000001 | 0.00% | |
0.0001490 | 0.00% | |
0.000000000000001 | 0.00% | |
0.00000000000001 | 0.00% | |
0.000000000000001 | 0.00% | |
0.00000000000000056 | 0.00% | |
0.00000000010 | 0.00% | |
0.00000000000084 | 0.00% | |
0.0000066 | 0.00% | |
0.000600 | 0.00% | |
0.000000000000001 | 0.00% | |
0.000000000000001 | 0.00% | |
0.0000000000012 | 0.00% | |
0.00000000000005 | 0.00% | |
0.00449 | 0.00% | |
0.000000000000001 | 0.00% | |
0.000043 | 0.00% | |
0.00000000000010 | 0.00% | |
0.00300 | 0.00% | |
0.00102014 | 0.00% | |
0.00000071 | 0.00% | |
0.0014072 | 0.26% | |
0.01334 | 0.00% | |
0.000001 | 0.00% | |
0.250 | 0.00% | |
0.5346 | 1.71% | |
0.001240 | 0.00% | |
0.0249 | 0.00% | |
0.7441 | 0.00% | |
0.1523 | 2.15% | |
0.02637 | -1.09% | |
0.00500 | 0.00% | |
3.57 | 0.00% | |
0.0022 | 0.00% | |
0.00538 | 0.00% | |
0.03653 | 0.00% | |
0.7454 | 1.11% | |
0.000000000180 | 0.00% | |
4601.03 | 0.00% | |
1.991 | 1.63% | |
0.0091 | 0.00% |